electronics

Introduction to electronics. The term 'electricity' refers to the flow of electronics in a closed circuit. If the switch is turned on, electricity flows around the circuit. If there is a break in the circuit, electricity cannot flow.

Formulas:
Voltage (V): difference in electric potential between two points, which is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points.
Current (A): stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume.
Resistance (Ω): the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it: If the resistance is constant over a considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law, I = V/R, can be used to predict the behavior of the material.

Electrical components

Wires: Conductors with resistance that is negligible.
Switches: Electrical components that breaks a circuit when manually operated. When the switch is closed, the circuit is completed.
Resistors: Electric components that provides resistance to the flow.
Diodes: Semi-conductors that allow current to flow in only one direction.
Integrated circuits: Miniaturised electrical circuits that contain thousands of electrical components.

Embedded programming using Arduino.

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. The language for Arduino is C language. I used the Arduino Uno to carry out my embedded programmning. Below are some simulation circuits that i created using tinkercad.

Now, i will showcase some of the coding that i did in the Arduino software. The code below is describing a pedestrian crossing.